What are the main features of British conservatism Essay - 2

What are the primary highlights of British conservatism - Essay Example In chorale, the philosophy of a settled focal overseeing authority that was proposed by early conventional preservationists turned into a significant part of the liberal brain. Also, there exists an inner heterogeneity in the political way of thinking of conservatism that involves various angles however is summed up under one element that is the adjustment and defense of solid social structures. Those that bear the philosophy of conservatism are the social gatherings and classes that focus on saving the standard social request or its foundation. There are two philosophical developments in the structure of conservatism. One spotlights on the restricting political patterns and powers while the different spotlights on safeguarding of the social structure in its unique structure. In this circumstance conservatism is a political way of thinking that legitimizes the current request and bid to the lost (Clarke, 1996:18). Different headings of conservatism share regular highlights. For example, the presence of settled social structures and organizations, acknowledgment of worldwide ethics and strict convictions, faith in the regular correspondence of men, the defective human instinct and the constrained abilities of the human psyche. Numerous people consider British conservatism as a British national trademark that is compared to everything English. Conservatism is portrayed by the most noteworthy articulation and flawlessness and it is essentially a traditional political philosophy in Britain. The English parliament is known to have concocted various political definitions, for example, the well known contrast among both ways (Clarke, 1996:78). English conservatism comprehends that human instinct is blemished for political organizations and is executed in the accompanying significant methodologies. Right off the bat, the mindset of conservatism is equivalent to that of conventionalism. Besides, inclination of steady is radical changes.

50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)

50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) 50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) 50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix) By Mark Nichol Who knew there were this numerous approaches to adjust a word to mean belittlement or warmth, or simply diminishment in size? Presently, you do. Here’s a major rundown of little joins: 1. - aster: This by and large pejorative addition indicating likeness was normal a few hundred years prior yet is uncommon today; the main notable enduring example is poetaster, a word portraying a sub-par writer. 2. - cule: This closure, some of the time with the letter c discarded, is basic in clinical and logical jargon. Case and particle are basic models; animalcule, alluding to minute living beings, for example, microscopic organisms, is uncommon in lay use. 3. - culus: This immediate acquiring from Latin is rarer than its Frenchified partner; analytics is maybe the most popular structure, however homunculus (â€Å"little man†) is a fascinating model. 4. - el: This unassuming French minute shows up as often as possible in common language: sanctuary and passage are just two of numerous models. 5-6. - ella, - ello: The female type of this Italian postfix is most popular as a major aspect of Cinderella’s name; among objects, novella is maybe the most natural use. When attached to a person’s name, - ella is frequently utilized in framing the logical name of a types of microscopic organisms, as in salmonella (the inheritance of one D. E. Salmon). The manly structure is found in bordello. 7. - elle: This uncommon addition happens in organelle. 8. - en: This addition signifies a little or youthful structure, as in cat, however chicken is a converse model: Originally, in Old English (as cicen), the term for grown-ups was fowl, and chicken meant a youthful flying creature. It likewise alludes what something is made of, as in woolen. 9. - erel: As with - rel, words finishing off with - erel are now and again insulting, as in doggerel. 10. - ers: This minute doesn't truly propose a decrease in size; it’s utilized in authoring slang, for example, bonkers and preggers. 11. - ster: This humble alludes to an individual who does or is the thing that the root word shows: hoodlum (and bankster, the as of late authored scornful expansion in response to the apparent guiltiness of huge banks), adolescent. 12-13. - et, - ette: The manly type of this French small shows up in such pervasive words as fixture and wallet. The female type of - et, more typical in English than the manly structure, is found in words, for example, cigarette and kitchenette. 14-15. - etto, - etti: The particular and plural Italian reciprocals of - et are obvious in borrowings from that language, for example, amaretto and spaghetti. 16. - ie: Words with this postfix are from English (as in doggie), Scottish (for instance, laddie), or Dutch, (for example, treat), or are diminutives of individual names, as in Charlie. 17. - il: Words finishing off with - il, for example, postscript and pencil, came to English from Latin through French. 18-19. - illa, - illo: This Spanish minute shows up in such words as vanilla and cigarillo. 20-21. - illus, - illi: This Latin structure is uncommon, limited in utilization to bacillus/bacilli and lapillus/lapilli. 22. - ine: This French humble is in plain view in puppet, tambourine, and so forth. Now and then, similarly as with linguine, words so added get from Italian. 23-25. - ina, - ino - ini: These ladylike and manly structures, of Italian or Spanish inception, are appeared in marina, palomino, and numerous different words. The plural structure, - ini, is generally connected with food: panini, zucchini. 26. - ing: This English modest by and large shows up in references to divisions or parts, as in farthing or giving. 27. - ish: This addition can be added to practically any thing to make a modifier noticing the association or likeness of one thing to another: English, greenish. 28-29. - ita, - ito: Spanish words including the female structure - ita, (for example, fajita) and - ito (burrito, for instance) have been acquired into English. 30. - family: This Dutch humble is typically found in dark words like cannikin, however napkin gets by as a rule use; mannequin, more typical than the Dutch-inferred puppet, is the main French deduction to be utilized generally in English. The plural structure is regularly joined to offered names to frame a loving minute: Mollykins, for instance. 31. - le: Words with this closure can either be of Latin starting point, (for example, article or molecule which, similar to specific, comes from particula) or from Middle English (group, puddle). 32â€33. - let, - lette: These structures, separately in a roundabout way and straightforwardly acquired from French, are seen, for instance, in booklet and roulette; omelet was earlier composed as omelet. 34. - ling: Words shaped with this minute are by and large however not solely warm: sweetheart, duckling, yet subordinate. 35. - o: This small can be charming or putting down: kiddo, psycho. 36. - ock: This structure from Old English is best know in the plural use backside, yet it’s likewise conspicuous in hillock, mattock, and different words. 37. - ola: This fake addition is found in slang (payola) or current or previous brand names (individually, Victrola and granola or pianola). 38. - ole: This uncommon French addition shows up in meal. 39-40. - olo, - oli: Piccolo, obtained from Italian by method of French, is a twofold little, on the grounds that the root word implies â€Å"little†; ravioli incorporates a plural type of - olo. 41. - olus: This Latin small appears in logical wording from Latin, for example, nucleolus. 42-43. - ot, - otte(s): These French endings are uncommon in like manner things (prostitute, culottes) however are found in given names like Charlotte and Margot. 44. - rel: This increasingly normal variation of - erel is regularly however not generally deprecatory: mutt and lowlife, yet not kestrel. 45-46. - sie(s) or - sy: The principal variation of this infant talk slang is found, for instance, in footsie and onesies, while the second shows up in insignificant and so forth and names like Betsy. 47. - ula: This Latin postfix appears in equation, spatula, and different words. 48. - ule: This humble, found in granule, knob, and different words, comes legitimately from Latin or by implication from it through French. 49. - ulum: This Latin addition shows up in such words as pabulum and pendulum. 50. - y: This structure, with multiplying of the first letter, is seen both in diminutives of given names, for example, Bobby and Patty, and in words like little dog and mom. Likewise, the adaptable prefix small scale is handily connected to any current word, for example, in miniskirt, minivan, etc. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†Driver License versus Driver’s LicensePrepositions to Die With

Comparing Piety in The Wakefield Mystery Plays, The Book of Margery Kem

Contrasting Notions of Piety in The Wakefield Mystery Plays, The Book of Margery Kempe, and Le Morte D'Arthur The ascetic way of life that Launcelot and his knights receive after their change is one that Margery Kempe may endorse of - doing atonement, singing mass, fasting, and staying abstinent. (MdA, 525) But Launcelot's difference in heart isn't roused by the feelings that move Kempe, nor is his disposition towards God equivalent to can be found in The Book of Margery Kempe and The Wakefield Mystery Plays. In the Wakefield plays, God wins devotion through inside and out dangers. He appears to his adherents in dreams, as he does in Kempe, however never as a kindhearted or ameliorating nearness. Kempe gets her lone solace in life through God's steady consolations of her sacredness even with the judgment of her friends; in the Creation play, it is God who throws out Adam and Eve, similarly as Kempe is thrown out of voyaging party in the wake of voyaging party. The dread of being comparably rebuffed keeps other Wakefield characters in line. Noah starts his play with a discourse specifying the mix-ups of the individuals who have enraged the Lord: First on Earth and afterward in hellfire . . . in any case, to those no mischief came to pass for/who confided in his fact. And God reacts: Retaliation I will take,/On earth for the wellbeing of sin,/My dreariness accordingly will wake/Both incredible and little. (WP, 91) God guarantees that All will die less and more that so scorned my arrangement . Fa... ...dA, 523) Works Cited and Consulted Kempe, Margery. The Book of Margery Kempe. Ed. Sanford Meech and Hope and Emily Allen. London: Oxford UP, Early English Text Society 212, 1940; rpt. 1961. Lawton, David. Voice, Authority, and Blasphemy in The Book of Margery Kempe. Margery Kempe: A Book of Essays. Ed. Sandra J. McEntire. New York: Garland, 1992. 93-116. Malory, Sir Thomas. Works. Ed. Eugene Vinaver. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Mann, Jill. The Narrative of Distance, the Distance of Narrative in Malory’s Morte DArthur. The William Matthews Lectures 1991 conveyed at Birkbeck College, London. Rose, Martial, ed. what's more, trans. The Wakefield Mystery Plays. New York: Norton, 1961.

Elections Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Races Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Races Josh Grodin 410-37-8822 Second Take Home Essay #1 Early a year ago, soon after the 2000 races, the Distinguished Gentlemen, Lloyd Doggett reported that he would not look for re-appointment for his House seat in 2002. This disclosure came as a serious stun to Doggett supporters, yet it was a lovely amazement to a notable Texas Senator, for example, myself. Being a Democrat who is popular and regarded inside the Texas Senate, it was a reasonable calling for me to quit and run for his situation inside the House of Representatives. Two months back Texas held its essential for seats in the House, and after a long and hard took on conflict, I acquired the designation of my gathering. The 2002 races are sneaking up on us, and so as to be fruitful in them, my staff and I have conceived an approach, depicting my technique for the up and coming general political decision. So as to devise this arrangement, my staff and I needed to respond to four explicit inquiries managing my battle. These inquiries will be talked about all through my exposit ion. My desire is that other political hopefuls will have the option to take this article and gain from my victories just as my mix-ups. The main inquiry I happened upon before making my methodology was when and how would I like to go through my cash. When might be the best time deliberately to go through my cash, and on what would it be advisable for me to spend it on? Luckily for our crusade we had done a lot of raising money preceding the primaries, and needed to spend next to no of it during the primaries on account of our frail restriction. We hence are definitely not shy of cash, and can go through our cash openly. Be that as it may, when might be the best time to spend it? History has demonstrated to us that by going through your cash at an early stage in the race you increment your possibility of achievement. The coordinations of this are evident for a few reasons. As a matter of first importance, it is fundamental to get your name out and known towards the start of the race. On the off chance that individuals scarcely know you four or five months before the political race, at that point you are past the point of no return. This sort of reasoning is particularly significant in House races as a result of the little consideration they are given. For instance, Lloyd Doggett has served three terms in the House of Representatives and has developed a name for himself. An occupant would have the option to center his cash to various zones in view of his effectively well known name acknowledgment. In any case, a challenger or an open-seat up-and-comer, for example, Josh Grodin needs to coordinate his cash towards building a name for himself. Besides, this must be done right off the bat in the crusade. So this carries us to the topic of how to go through our cash. Other than on building name acknowledgment, it is completely important to publicize. However much as could be expected, my staff and I might want to exploit the free media, yet we as a whole expertise troublesome this can be. So we have to coordinate our consideration towards paid promoting. I am running for the House of Representatives, so I just need to arrive at a to some degree modest number of individuals. I accept that the most ideal approach to do this will be with post office based mail profiles of my life, what I need to do, my objectives, and my focal points over my rival. I am a firm adherent that grass-roots governmental issues is the most ideal approach in a House race. Towards the homestretch of my crusade, it will be important to burn through cash on TV and radio notices. What these notices will contain carries us to our next inquiry: positive or negative? Publicizing will assume a tremendous job in the achievement of my crusade for House of Representatives. Truth be told, clearly promoting assumes a significant job in all battles for chose office. However, something that has consistently been related with publicizing is whether it should be sure or negative. With my experience, I accept that this answer relies entirely upon whether you are an occupant or a challenger. An officeholder, for example, Lloyd Doggett has no compelling reason to run negative crusades.

What an education means to me Essay Example for Free

What training intends to me Essay â€Å"Education is a dynamic disclosure of our ignorance† says Will Durant (1885-1981) Education freed me from obliviousness and set me in a high platform to wine and eats with the intelligent people and not insignificant men. At times I wonder what my life would have been, without being taught. Like they state instruction is costly, at that point why don’t you attempt numbness? An existence without training is a detached one. In all that I accept â€Å"basics are the mother of all knowledge† henceforth, cultural improvement is exceptionally subject to the proficiency level of its resident. Training to me can either be casual instruction or formal training. Casual instruction is a kind of training which is outside the school premises while those of formal are inside the school settings. Casual instruction given to me by my folks helped me a great deal and furnished me with fundamental abilities in human relationship and relational abilities on which I had the option to expand upon. This gave me a starter portion. As a kid, the primary school acquaints me with the fundamental abilities, data and mentality important to flourish in my general public. I was additionally acquaint with the standards of perusing, composing and spelling and even to some essential number juggling. I was likewise acquainted with certain types of expressive arts, basic science and a few types of handiwork. Training instructed me the inventive utilization of my psyche and how to make it work for me in all part of my life. It gave me the limit and capacity to assess data and to anticipate future results. I can likewise adequately perceive and assess various perspectives in any event, when contending with my partners or companion and not making a sort of ill will. Instruction likewise prepared me to search out elective arrangements and assess them when there is requirement for such, this I called critical thinking abilities. Instruction gave me a superior comprehension of my way of life and condition and furthermore helped me to learn history of my nation, and an understanding into that of others. With all the information and shrewdness from such learning I had the option to coordinate that with some part of my life. Securing of data about the over a wide span of time: including conventional trains, for example, writing, history, science, arithmetic was because of instruction and this impact the advancement of each network. Without instruction information and history can not be passed from one age to the next. Instruction likewise impacts my religion and this has guided my convictions and activities. The impact of instruction on confidence can not be thought little of. Ending my life as a contextual investigation, I used to be somebody with a low confidence until I got the opportunity to acknowledge what confidence is about and its impact my activities, life in totality. The feeling of prosperity, I. e. my psychological and physical wellbeing has significantly improved. I’m now ready to get a few qualities and mentality that is profoundly basic in the serious and dynamic universes of our own. The job of instruction in close to home estimations is significant, on the grounds that this gave me a chance of self-acknowledgment and self reflection which is fitting to the familiarity with my intrinsic capacities and objectives. Trainings showed me â€Å"morals† which essentially implies acting in a correct way and realizing how to manage individuals. Information on moral practices and moral guidelines worthy by society and culture must be accomplished by means of training. Everything my religion trained me about ethics was because of my capacity to peruse, think and takes activities, which are all results of instruction. It’s frequently said that where there’s no law there’s no wrongdoing, henceforth individuals can possibly carry on well when they are shown the advantages of acting right towards their kindred resident. This essentially gives limit and capacity to be a productive member of society. Training is an essential for a scholarly interest. From mine perspective is training just makes individuals regard you and remember you and your accomplishments. I accept there can be a teacher without instruction and there can’t be an edified society without training. Culture which is a lifestyle must be procured through training and introduction to expressions of the human experience. Development of sound social or potentially formal connections among and between understudies, educator, others are a portion of the significance of training to my life. Culture is likewise keep up and kept from one age to the next because of instruction. My most extreme perspective on instruction is that I will have the option to procure a living, settle on the correct decision, reinforcing my character, gets solid, build up my life elements and carry on with a satisfy life. With my profession I will be useful to my quick condition. Over all instruction improves a pioneer. I will finish up this piece by citing the expressions of B. F skinner and Jack Stack which says â€Å"Education is the thing that endures when what has been realized has been forgotten†. †B. F. Skinner â€Å"When you bid to the most elevated level of reasoning, you get the most elevated level of performance†. - Jack Spack Reference Educators mind asset. (2008). The significance of instruction. Teacher’s mind asset. Recovered July 9, 2008. From www. teachersmind . com

Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Central bank - Essay Example The article contends that even as the Federal Reserve has been in presence since 1913, it wasnt until the 1970s that it expected as incredible a control of the American money related framework as it has today. The Federal Reserve was made in 1913 by Woodrow Wilson. In the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years credit was controlled completely by private banks. Ranchers in the mid-western districts became progressively furious about this reality, as they griped that regularly the banks would adjust their credit alternatives now and again when the ranchers were powerless. The Federal Reserve was made as a trade off, with the banks despite everything controlling credit, however the administration deciding the gracefully of assets. While the mediating years have seen critical changes in the manner the Federal Reserve works, its underlining capacity has continued as before. Private banks can get from the hold at a limited rate, they at that point advance this cash to borrowers at the government supports rate, or financing cost. As the Federal Reserve raises rates, so should the banks raise the paces of credits. This framework is intended to guarantee reasonable and evenhanded loani ng all through the nation. The present executive of the Federal Reserve, who was as of late reappointed in January of 2010, and Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker went before him.(Johnson, Web) At the point when the downturn hit the Federal Reserve started the way toward bringing intrigues rates down to expand buyer spending. Now, the Fed has practically brought down the loan fee to 0%. Notwithstanding bringing down the loan fee the Fed has occupied with various strange techniques with an end goal to restore the faltering economy. â€Å"Those procedures incorporate purchasing immense measures of longer-term Treasury securities, contract upheld protections gave by government-supported organizations like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and business obligation gave by privately owned businesses and buyer lenders.† (NY Times, Web) notwithstanding these methods, the save helped in JPMorgans merger with Bear

Pathologic & Physiologic Atrophy Research Assignment - 275 Words

Pathologic & Physiologic Atrophy Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: AtrophyStudents Name:Institutional AffiliationAtrophyAtrophy is the shrinking in the size of an organ, tissues, or cells. The causes of atrophy include a significant reduction in the supply of nerve to the target organ, loss of hormonal support, poor circulation of blood, minimal usage of an organ or body tissue (maybe due to lack of exercise), inadequate nourishment or disease affecting the tissue itself (Powers, 2004). Atrophy can be physiologic or pathologic.Pathologic atrophyPathologic atrophy arises as a result of the loss of nutritional and trophic support due to other diseases or a disease bearing on the tissue itself. Pathologic atrophy is divided into general and local depending on the cause. General pathological atrophy occurs in instances where there is, insufficient nutrition and chronic infection or intoxication. On the other hand, local pathological atrophy arises from issues like dysfunction in control of the trophic nerves, disorders of the endocri ne glands and that of the of the central nervous system, insufficient supply of blood, lack of use, or from the effects of physiological and chemical (Barton Morris, 2003). Several clinical examples of pathological atrophy include atrophy of the muscles in the extremities after prolonged immobilization, atrophy of the optic nerve after removal of an eye and atrophy of the kidney in instances of embolism of the urethra.Physiologic atrophyPhysiologic atrophy is common during the early developmental stage. During fetal development, some embryonic structures undergo atrophy. These structures include thyroglossal duct and notochord (Nishimura et al., 2004). The uterus also undergoes atrophy shortly after parturition which is also an example of physiological atrophy. Other examples are a trophy of the sex glands, skin, and bones in old people and atrophy of the thymus during puberty.Referenc...

Nurturing Book Lovers in Your Home

Few things in life bring as much delight for a child as a trip to the library. What’s not to love? Kids, who are natural-born book lovers, are drawn like magnets to the children’s section of a library. From pint-sized furniture to animal prints, pirate ships, and reading nooks with secret passages, a library provides a place of wonder and discovery for young imaginations. My children were raised with a library card in their hands.  Books are a big part of their childhood memories. Fast forward to last week when both of my daughters, now twenty-five and nineteen, had nanny jobs for the summer. When they learned that they would be babysitting on the same day, they planned a play date to introduce the families. You can guess from this photo where they met! The four- and five-year-olds hit the door running as they made their way to the children’s section. Following close behind, the older kids caught up. Although none of them had met before, they forged a friendship that day—a friendship around books. Why Read to Kids? So why do kids love being read to so much? Fondly they remember the comfy chair, the fluffy blanket, their stuffed animals, and snuggles on your lap. They remember your voice and the hundreds of times you read the same book to them. Children crave the familiarity of a beloved story and delight in asking you to â€Å"read it again.† They love being drawn into the suspense of a story. It's a feast for the senses in every way. Besides the opportunity to spend quality time making memories with your kids, reading aloud to them provides a tremendous cognitive benefit. Andrew Pudewa teaches that a child needs one thing above all else in order to become an effective communicator: â€Å"a large database in his brain of reliably correct and sophisticated language patterns.† The best way to achieve this database is for children to be read to in huge quantities.  For Andrew's complete thoughts on effective communication, check out these helpful talks: Nurturing Competent Communicators On Listening On Speaking On Reading On Writing Complete DVD Seminar:  On  Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing Where Do I Begin? It's natural to lean toward your own childhood favorites, so start there. No one knows your children as well as you do, so let them pick. (But be sure to preview their finds.) In  podcast #45 of the Read-Aloud Revival by Sarah Mackenzie, she and her team discuss their favorite picture books. You may be surprised to learn that picture books aren't just for little kids! When your kids are older, you may feel the need for more direction with your book choices. Here are two guides that you may like to consider: Reading Roadmaps by Adam Andrews Timeline of Classics: Historical Context for the Good and Great Books by Gail Ledbetter The Take-Away Your children will come back to what they know best. My girls proved that to me this summer when they chose to make a play date at the library. They are passing on a love for books to their young friends. Your children will never forget the time you spend reading with them. So take a trip to the library, and check out some great books. Make time to read to them now, and they'll naturally become book lovers for life. Gail Ledbetter  earned a B.S. in Bible and Elementary Education from Columbia International University. After teaching for many years in Gwinnett County, GA, she entered the most challenging classroom of all, where her heart remains captivated with her four children. Gail  taught writing and literary analysis for many years in her home, in local co-op classes, and online. She now serves  IEW as a Certified online instructor, author, and exhibitor. Log in or register to post commentsGail Ledbetters blog Log in or register to post comments My reader cant discuss his book Permalink By ldtwardowskiSep25 My 10-almost-11 year old son is a voracious reader. He can sit down in one afternoon and read a complete [age appropriate] novel, sometimes two. However, we have noticed the more he readers, the harder time he has expressing what he has read. Tonight he could not give us one detail about the book he read this afternoon. I wondered if he wasnt just tired, but it isnt just today. The older he has gotten, the less he seems able to discuss or even give a few simple details about what he has read. Is this something I should be worried about. We are working through All Things Fun and Fascinating this year, and have done others in the past. Though he will tell you he HATES to write, he is actually pretty good (when he has the checklist to help him.) Any advice you can give would be welcome! Log in or register to post comments

Analysis Of Van Mechelen s Injury Prevention Model

As you can see theoretical perspectives provide frameworks for asking research questions, deciphering information and expanding concepts too deeper meanings. Theories also enable multiple perspective analysis, which gives people the opportunity, to make informed decisions based around the aforementioned frameworks. Take for example van Mechelen’s injury prevention model. This theory has initiated works seeking to expand, develop and improve upon it. This interpretive process is loosely carried forward in relation to the previous studies of physiology, sociology and psychology. Take for example psychology when looking at key issues and research methods. The general explorative path a psychologist would investigate in a study of injury and rehabilitation covers, motivation, confidence, intensity, focus and emotions which are regarded to have the most influence on a performers well-being (Cashmore, 2002). These five psychological divisions derive from Taylors (2001) performance pyramid, are categorised in ascending order from general training influences to immediate competitive performance impact. At the pyramids base lays motivation, simply put without motivation you have no desire to train, to rehabilitate, to reach previous goals. Motivation ensures athletes have positive mind-sets allowing necessary time to refocus, re-energise and start again. Following motivation comes confidence, confidence in ability, confidence in rehabi litation, confidence in family and friends

The Postal Acceptance Rule - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3321 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.0 POSTAL ACCEPTANCE RULE The postal rule is first created in Adam v Lindsell 1818. The court had to decide the contract formation period by mail. Two parties will communicate by post which the acceptance time could not be determined. This is because that mailing often last for few days and both parties could not aware of the communication at the same time. This caused lots of problems and led to the creation of postal rule to help the problem to be guided and solved. The postal rule had stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where the circumstances are such that it must have been within the contemplation of the parties that, according to the ordinary usage of mandkind the post might be used as a means of communicating the acceptance of an offer, the acceptance is complete as it is posted.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The postal acceptance rule was formulated as an attempt to provide some degree of certainty to an offeree accepting an offer by post. In support of postal acceptance rul e, the courts maintain that if the general rule relating to the acceptance of an offer is applied to the acceptance sent by post, then an offree will never truly be certain of the existence of a binding contract until the offeror communicated the fact of receipt of the letter of acceptance. The court will compelled to examine further policy consideration in order to determine whether the postal acceptance rule could be justified on the grounds of the agency. Post is the requested form of communication between parties or when it is an appropriate and accepted means of communication between parties, acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is posted or put in the mail box. Although if the letter is mislaid or lost and does not reach the offeror to notify them about the acceptance. It is requirement that the letter of acceptance has been properly posted after the acceptance is putted in the mail box. An issue that arised from Postal rule is that there is a period of time, whe re person are in confuse whether the contract existence or not. Courts have decide that the offeror assume all the risk, as the offer is still open during the time the letter of acceptance is in the post, Adam v Lindsell. The decision is based on the fact that an acceptance of an offer can go on ad infinitum, back or forth between the parties. If one had to acknowledge the receipt and then the acknowledgement had to be acknowledge so on and so forth. Unless the offeror has clearly stated in the terms of the offer that acceptance must be communicated by other means the offer must be accepted through the terms of the postal rule. Such the situation arose in the case Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 1974 where the in the terms of the offer it was clearly indicated acceptance had to be by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"notice in writingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The letter of the acceptance was lost in the post therefore Hughes did not receive a valid acceptance as he had not received a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"notice i n writingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 2.0 LIMITATION OF POSTAL ACCEPTANCE RULE Firstly, the postal rule only applies to acceptance, not to other communication between contracting parties. Postal rule does not apply where not reasonable for acceptance to be sent by post. Quenerduaine v Cole (1883) The fact is the defendants made an offer by telegram which the plaintiff purported to accept by letter. The issue is was it be reasonable to accept by letter although the offer is made by telegram? The held is that postal rule did not apply, an offer made by telegram (instantaneous) implied that an equally quick acceptance was required. Secondly, postal rule did not apply if letter was not properly stamped, addressed and posted. Re London Northern Bank EX P. Jones 1900 The facts is dr. Jones make an offer to the bank, at 7.00 letter of acceptance, addressed correctly but was handed to a postman , who only have authority to deliver letter but not to receive letter.. 9.30 Dr. Jon es delivered letter to bank revoking his offer. 19.30 the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance delivered to Dr. Jones. The issue is was the postal rule invoked? The held is that postal ruli did not apply because of the posting is wrong which it is handed to a postman. A letter should be posted in a post box or to the post office which have authority to receive mail, Next is that postal rule can be displaced by the offeror. Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) The fact is that defendant sent a grant to sell a property to the plaintiff, which contain clause stipulating option à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"be exercised by notice in writing to the intending vendorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ within six month. Plaintiff then send letter exercising the option, within the time limit, it was lost in the post and never received by defendants. The held is that postal rule did not apply. Post was suitable method of acceptance but language of offer implied defendants required receipt or written acceptance. Law ton LJ ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" the requirement of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"noticeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in my judgment, is language which should be taken expressly to assert the ordinary situation in law the acceptance requires to be communicated or notified to the offeror and it is inconsistent with the theory that acceptance can be constituted by the act of posting..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Additionally, to allow the acceptance to be effective without communication would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"produce manifest inconvenience and absurdityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Lawton LJ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in my judgment the factors of inconvenience and absurdity are but illustration of a wider principle, namely that the rule does not apply if, having regard to all circumstances including the nature of the subject matter under consideration, the negotiating party cannot have intended that there should be a binding agreement until the party accepting the offer or exercising the option had in fact communicated the acceptanc e or exercise to the other. In my judgment when this principle is applied to the fact of this case it becomes clear that the party cannot have the intended that the posting of the letter should constitute the exercise of the optionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 3.0 RELEVANT CASE LAW Adam v Lindsell (1818) The fact of Adam v Lindsell is that the defendants wrote to the plaintiff on September 2 which offering to sell the wool and requested that the plaintiff reply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in course of postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The letter of offer is wrongly addressed and makes the letter delivered to plaintiff until September 5 and acceptance is then sent. Because of the delay, the letter of acceptance was not received until September 9 by the defendant and this is two days later than the defendant thought he will receive it. Because of this, on the September 8, the defendant had sold the wool to the third party. The court held that the contract is formed and the offer is accepted as soon as the letter of acceptance had been posted. Thus, in Adam v Lindsell there was indeed a contract in existence before the sale of wool to the third party, even though the letter had not actually been received by the defendants. Acceptance complete and binding contract form on September 5 when the letter of acceptance had been posted. The defendants therefore had been liable in breach of contract. Household Fire and Carriage Accident Company v Grant The fact is that Grant had negotiated to purchase shares in Household Fire which his application was accepted and his name was list in the registered shareholdersand the letter to inform him had been sent. However, the letter informing the appellant did not reached him and thus, Grant never paid for his shares because he did not aware of it. His earning of dividends was credited into his account as a registered shareholder. Eventually, Household Fire went into liquidation and liquidator applied money from appellant because h e already listed as a shareholder. He refused to pay on the ground that he is not the shareholder because he had not received the notification on mail and he is not aware that he is listed and the application is accepted. The trial judge found that the appellant implied that the respondent was to sent him the notification that he had been issued the share in the mail by requesting them by the mail, and therefore they will not be penalized for sending the notification that way. The liquidator was thus successful at recovering the money which Grant appealed. Thesiger and Baggallay agree with the trial judge decision that the contract was formed when the acceptance was mailed or put into the mail box. They decide the pros and cons of the postal rule and decide the pros outweigh the cons. They state that the offeror can always choose to make the acceptance binding upon his receipt of the notification that it has been accepted in the original offer to make himaware. However, to sta te that this must happen in all cases will reduce the efficiency in the business world. The contract is complete and absolutely binding upon the transmission of acceptance through the mail as long as there is a medium of communication that the parties contemplated as at the time of mailing there is a meeting of the minds. HENTHORN V FRASER (1892) On 7th July, Henthorn from Brikenhead, called office of land society in Liverpool for buying property. Henthorn negotiated to buy some houses belonging to the land society. The secretary agree to sell to him and give him an option to purchase the property at 750 pounds in 14 days. On 8th July morning, another person called to purchase the property at 760 pounds and the offer accepted which is a better and higher purchase price from Henthorn. At the afternoon 12-1 pm the secretary withdraw the offer made to Henthorn by mail. However, at 3.50pm Henthorn sent a acceptance letter by mail but the letter arrive at 8.30pm after the office wa s closed. But, at 5pm the withdrawal offer arrived at Brikenhead. The secretary opened the letter on the next morning. Then Henthorn sued them for specific performance. The held is the specific performance granted, postal rule applies as acceptance occurred before when Henthorn sent the acceptance letter. Defendant was told to sell the property. Lord Herschell argued à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where the circumstances are such that it must have been within the contemplation of the parties that according to the ordinary usage of mankind, the post must be used as mean of communicating the acceptance of an offer, the acceptance is complete as soon as it is posted. ENTORRES V MILES FAR EAST (1955) Entorres is a London based trading company that sent an offer of the purchase of copper cathodes by telex from a company based in Armsterdam. Then, the Dutch company send an acceptance by telex. The contract was not fulfilled by the Dutch company and so Entorres attempt to sued the owner of the Du tch company for damages. The controlling company, Miles Far East Corp was based in UK and under English Law. Entorres could only bring the action in UK if it could prove that the contract was formed within the jurisdiction. Denning LJ delivered the leading of the judgment. He said that the postal rule could not apply to instantaneous telecommunication such as telex, if a phone line went dead before the just before the offeree said yes, it would be absurd to assume that the contract was formed and the parties would not have call each other back. The same applied to telex. Since the contract was formed when and where the telex is received and the place formation was London. In The telex is like a post in US. It becomes law and is subject to the rule of the country where the acceptance was made. In European Law, the telex contract becomes law where the acceptance was received. To determine where the contract was made, Justice Denning use same principle was those he used to decide wh en it was made. Applying Denning rule, the contract was made in London and therefore rightly in English jurisdiction. Denning thinks it may be that a contract is made at the place where it was first completed, not at the place where the variations are agreed. But luckily here this is a moot point since both the original contract and the variations where made in England. Also, this contract is by implication governed by English law because England is the place with which it has the closest connection. Appeal dismissed. BYRNE V VAN TIENHOVEN On October 1st, Van Tienhoven mailed a proposal in a fixed price to sell 1000 tin plates to Byrne. On October 8th, Van Tienhoven wanted to revoked and sent the letter to revoked but it delivered on October 20th. In the interim on October 11th, Byrne received the original offer and accepted by telegram and resold the merchandise to a third party on the 15th. Byrne was then brought the action for non-performance because the acceptance was made . The held is that the judgment for the plaintiff because Lindley held that the revocation is not effective until it had been communicated to Byrne and he aare about it. While the postal rule remain good law, for acceptance, he finds no support for the premise to revokes because the acceptance had put in mail box and the contract is formed As a result, the revocation was not communicated to Byrne until 20th October, at which the point of the contract was already formed and thus the revocation was not effective because Byrne is not communicated about the revocation. To rule otherwise would be impractical for commercial realities. DUNLOP V HIGGINS (1848) On Dunlop co letter dated 22nd and 28th January, they offered to sell 200 tons of pig iron at 65sh per ton to Higgins co but Higgins received the offer letter on 28th and 30th January. They replied on the same indicating their acceptance to purchase the pig iron in accordance to the offer from Dunlop co. Due to problem of weather there was disruption in the train service and the letter of acceptance instead of reaching on 31st January had delayed, reached Dunlop co. on 1st February. Dunlop Co. refused to supply pig iron on the ground that the receipt of the letter of acceptance by them had been delayed although because of the frosty weather that affected the train service. It was held that Dunlop Co. had become bound which the contract is formed when the letter of acceptance had already posted. YATES BUILDING COMPANY LTD V RJ PULLEYN SONS Pulleyn gave Yates an option to purchase building land which the option read: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the option hereby granted shall be exercisable by notice in writing given by or on behalf of Yates to Pulleyn or Pulleynsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ solicitors at any time between April 6 1973 and May 6 1973 such notice to be sent by registered or recorded delivery post to the registered office of Pulleyn or the office of their said solicitors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ On Mo nday April 30 1973 Yatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solicitors posted a letter to Pulleynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solicitors to formally exercise the option, they enclosed a cheque for 1890 pounds for the deposit with the acceptance letter. Although the letter arrive well in time but the letter was sent by ordinary post and not by registered and recorded delivery post. It was open by Pulleynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solicitor, on some on or before Friday May 4 1973. On that Friday Pulleynà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solicitors sent back to Yates and returning the cheque for the deposit and said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"we write to acknowledge receipt today of your letter of April 30 1973 with its enclosure. You will recall that clause 2 of the option agreement provides for the notice to be sent by the registered or recorded delivery post. Your letter was not so sent.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Yates brought to proceedings for specific performance but the judge refused it because he did not followed the requirement of the offer. He held that his requirement that the letter had to be sent by registered or recorded delivery post was a requirement which must be complied with, and as it had not been complied it, there was no contract formed. Yates appealed. Lord Denning : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It seems to me that this depends on the construction of the option clause. The option is an offer: an irrevocable offer. When a person makes an offer, he does sometimes prescribe the method by which it is to be accepted. If he prescribes it in terms which are mandatory or obligatory, the acceptance is only good if it complies with the stated requirements. Thus in the present case the notice of acceptance must be in writing, and must be given to Pulleyns or to Pulleyns solicitors, and must be given between April 6 1973 and May 6 1973. But the question is whether the words such notice to be sent by registered or recorded delivery post are mandatory or directory. That test is used by lawyers in the const ruction of statutory instruments, but it can also be used in the construction of other documents. The distinction is this: a mandatory provision must be fulfilled exactly according to the letter, whereas a directory provision is satisfied if it is in substance according to the general intent (see Howard v Bodington). In applying this rule of construction, you must look to the subject-matter, consider the object to be fulfilled, and then see whether the provision must be fulfilled strictly to the letter or whether the substance of it is enough. So in the present case the question is whether the letter of acceptance must be sent by registered or recorded delivery post, else it is bad; or whether it is sufficient if it gets there in time, as, for instance, by ordinary post or by special messenger. Orr LJ gave this instance in the course of the argument. Suppose there were a postal strike during the last week, and the buyer, to make sure it was in time, sent the letter by special messen ger, would this not be sufficient? Looking at the object of this provision, it seems to be this. It is inserted for the benefit of the buyer so that he can be sure of his position. So long as he sends the letter by registered or recorded delivery post, he has clear proof of postage and of the time of posting. But if the buyer sends it by ordinary post, he will have no sufficient proof of posting, or of the time of posting. In that case, if the seller proves that he never received it, or received it too late, the buyer fails. None of those reasons apply, however, when the seller does receive it in time. So long as he gets the letter in time, he should be bound. So I would hold, simply as a matter of interpretation, that if the letter did reach the sellers in time, it was a valid exercise of the option.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 4.0 CONCLUSION This assignment addressed on the issue of postal acceptance rule, its creation, definition, limitation and the relevant case la w. Postal rule was created on 19th century to solve distance business conflict and continued to be applied into current business situation. The justification is using postal rule in the age of mailing may be regarded the same as the new communication method email. The amendments in postal rule allow supervisions on online business. This would facilitate the online business communication and benefit both parties. Postal rule had become complete and mature after more 200 years application. I believe that it is valid in modern business world and continue to guide healthy business performance. In my recommendation also, that postal rule is good because it help to get justice when the acceptance or revocation had been taken in an offer for a party. So, postal rule should be always be the guide for business performance which it help a party to aware on the offer they made to the other party and in the other hand the other party also aware on the acceptance they made to the other party. 1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Postal Acceptance Rule" essay for you Create order

Quality Control For Cyber Forensic Process - 989 Words

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The Queen, Directed by Stephen Frears Essay - 533 Words

Director Stephen Frears chose, when filming this movie, to use traditional 35mm film for the scenes featuring the Royal Family. He chose to use traditional 35mm film to reflect the traditional views of the Royal Family. The syntax analyzed the language provided by the syntax helped understand the Royal Family traditional culture. The Royal Family at the beginning of the film had deep traditional roots and don’t agree with the progressive members of the society at large. After Princess Diana’s death the Royal Family believed that the arraignments should be kept as a private matter of her family. The Royal Family strongly believed that the Princess Diana was no longer part of the Royal Family since her divorce to the son of Queen†¦show more content†¦During this scene the director Stephen Frears chose to use modern videotape. To film this scene modern videotape was chosen because Frears wanted to show the viewers that both the traditional and modern culture had reunited. The Queen then assures that there has been a change from a traditional to a modern culture. The switch from filming this movie in traditional 35mm film for the Royal Family and the modern videotape for the scenes featuring the government and Tony Blair helped reinforce the theme of difference between the tradional Royals and the progressive members of society at large. It also shows how the traditional Royals had slowly changed their views at the end when Frears uses modern film to film the final scene when Blair and the Queen are heading for a walk to speak about Britain. The Queen states that life in Britain has changes and the monarchy must modernise in the future. Director Stephen Frears did a great job using syntax to help analize the language in the movie and reinforcing the theme. He also did a great job reinforcing the theme with real television clips. An example when the people in the news clip confirm that the Queen is acting traditionally while they have moderni lized and their actions show that they have progressively modernised. When the Queen is watching the news and the people are speaking about their feeling toward the actions taken by the Queen after the death of Diana. The real telivision clips make the events in the filmShow MoreRelatedHistory Memory - the Queen2818 Words   |  12 PagesEnglish - Essay Explore How The Queen Two Other Related Texts Of Your Own Choosing Represent History Memory In Unique Evocative Ways History consists of what is known, remembered and recorded about the past in as objective a way as possible. Memory can be a fragmented yet still valid perspective on the past which enables History to fill in the gaps. The concepts of History Memory are featured in the texts, The Queen, a film directed by Stephen Frears, Kurt Cobains Suicide Letter andRead MoreThe Queen, 2006 Film Analysis992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Queen A film directed by Stephen Frears in 2005 Written assignment: Write an essay (700-1000 words) in which you make a portrait of either Queen Elizabeth or Prime Minister Tony Blair, based on the way the character is depicted in the film. Your essay should also include a brief characterization of either Prince Philip or Cherie Blair. You may use any of the elements of ‘cinematic technique’ and/or ‘theatrical elements’ in support of your portrayal of the characters, using the document

Anabolic Steroids A Misunderstood Substance free essay sample

When the term â€Å"steroids† is used, it is typically used in reference to anabolic steroids intended for the purposes of improving physical performance. However, steroids are actually a class of organic molecules with similar physical structure. The male sex hormone, testosterone, is perhaps the most widely known steroid in existence. But what is less known is that the female sex hormone, estrogen, is a steroid as well. Steroids are not limited solely to androgenic effects, but are also used for structural support in cells. However, for the purposes of this article, and for ease of writing, the term steroids will be used only to refer to anabolic/androgenic steroids commonly referred to by the abbreviation â€Å"AAS† . The term anabolic refers to metabolic processes that result in increased muscular hypertrophy while â€Å"androgenic† means supporting the development of male characteristics i.e. male pattern baldness, voice deepening, facial hair, muscular deve lopment, etc (Solomon 1056). AAS have been notorious in history for rampant usage in professional sports and bodybuilding. Critics argue that steroid use is life-threatening, which certainly holds its merits, but AAS are too complex to simply be labeled as â€Å"bad.† Due to controversy surrounding this substance, the United States labeled anabolic steroids as a controlled schedule III drug in 1990. In addition to the illegality of it, most professional sports organizations have banned the use of performance enhancing drugs in their respective sport. While these organizations hold the belief that AAS are cheating, they seem to ignore the other side of the argument. In reality, modern research does not support the media’s notion that anabolic steroids are awful, unhealthy, and immoral drugs with the potential to cause murderous rampages. It seems as though when steroids are brought up in conversation, the risk of atherosclerosis, more commonly known as heart disease, tends to be a concern-able issue. William Llewelynn, Director of Research and Development of Molecular Nutrition, wrote about steroid risks and benefits in his book William Llewellyn’s Anabolics.The side-effects section of this book explains that short-term steroid cycling has been shown to negatively impact cholesterol levels, which can lead to increased plaque levels in the arteries and therefore a greater risk of heart disease (Llewellyn 149). While on a cycle, the user’s HDL levels tend to decrease while LDL levels increase. HDL levels are correlated to positive cholesterol values while LDL molecules may risk increased plaque levels in arteries (Solomon 1056 ). Even though this is true,steroids are taken in cycles, usually periods of 6-12 weeks. Afterward, a short period of post-cycle therapy begins in order to alleviate temporary side -effects that may have occurred while the individual was taking supratherapeutic doses of AAS. Post-cycle therapy helps to restore the cycler’s hormones back to pre-cycling conditions and thus the change in cholesterol levels is not a permanent side effect (Llewellyn 289-290). Another common complaint about steroid abuse is the negative effect the drugs may have on the liver. Some oral steroids certainly can cause permanent damage to theliver as it is suspected that they interact with androgen receptors in the hepatic system. Injectable steroids on the other hand, do not pass through the liver while metabolizing and therefore are not liver toxic (Llewellyn 171-173). Therefore liver toxicity while cycling steroids is a null-issue as long as the type of steroids taken by the user are non-toxic to the liver. The use of AAS is correlated to negative aesthetic side effects including male pattern baldness, decreased size of the testes, and gynecomastia. These are all proven potential side-effects of AAS, although they are not guaranteed simply by taking steroids. Furthermore, steroids do not cause the androgenic side effect of baldness, they only increase the rate at which somebody genetically pre-disposed to male-pattern baldnesswould achieve hair loss (Llewellyn 182). So this side-effect only applies to those who are genetically pre-disposed to baldness. Christopher Bell, director and writer of the documentary Bigger Stronger Faster*, explores the controversy of steroid use and his own personal use as well. Part of this movie discusses testicular shrinkage. The male testicles may shrink while cycling as a result of artifical testosterone injections resulting in the body to produce less of its own testosterone. This side effect is not permanent, and the testicles tend to return to their n ormal size after successful PCT (Bell). Gynecomastia, or male breast enlargement, can be caused as a result of increased estrogen levels while cycling AAS. Estrogen levels will rise while on a cycle in an attempt to counter-balance the increase in testosterone levels. The rise in estrogen levels is not necessarily bad, but can potentially result in gynecomastia. This unaesthetic side-effect can be easily avoided with the use of aromatase inhibitors such as Nolvadex (Llewellyn 337-338). Additionally this side-effect will only occur in specific individuals, not everyone. Modern medical research agrees with the idea that steroids are generally safe drugs when taken properly by healthy adult men. Take for example a study published in the Journal of American Physiology and Endocrinology. 61 men were placed into different groups and given differing dosages of testosterone enanthate. The results showed that those taking the higher doses had gained the most muscle mass, and those with the l owest doses had the lowest increase in mass. The only notable side-effect found in the men with the highest steroids dosages was a decrease in HDL cholesterol values. No statistically significant changes were found in liver enzymes, sexual ability, or mental health (Bhasin). What this study shows is that the only negative health effect of testosterone enanthate was a negative impact in cholesterol valueswhile it had the positive health effects of increasing athletic ability and muscle mass. So steroids really cannot be labeled as beneficial or harmful toward health since they benefit some areas of health while damaging others. Overall however, it seems as though AAS are not truly detrimental to a person’s well-being and therefore when considering the ethics of steroid use, negative health impacts is not a major consideration. There are drugs on the market that are arguably far worse than steroids such as amphetamines like Adderall, prescribed for treatment of Attention Defici t Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Adderall has even been correlated to death by myocardial infarction, otherwise known as heart disease (Cohle, 2013). Not only does this drug have a less negative connotation than anabolic steroids, but tit is also prescribed to children as young as three years old. It is important to note that thus far the discussion of health impacts of AAS only applies to healthy adult men and not children or women. The effects of AAS in those less than 18 years of age are not completely understood as very little research has been done in that area. Women on the other hand, since their bodies do not typically create large amounts of testosterone like in men, may experience adverse and permanent side-effects. Some of these side-effects include excessive facial hair, enlarged clitoris, and infertility (Llewellyn 195-200). For these reasons, if steroids are to be taken by a female, they should be forewarned of the dangers in advance. Children should not take AAS as their is not enough research on them to know if any serious damage could be caused. Furthermore some commonly believed side-effects of steroids are not even proven. Take for example, the story of Chris Benoit. Benoit was a professional wrestler for WWE back in the mid 2000‘s, but it seems he is more famous for being the poster child for â€Å"roid rage†. Roid rage is supposedly â€Å"violent and uncontrolled anger as a side effect of anabolic steroid use† according to Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Benoit murdered his wife, child, and then committed suicide. It was discovered that he had been taking heavy doses of anabolic steroids when his murder was under investigation. When the media found out about it, his murder-suicide was immediately blamed as a side effect of steroids. Of course, their is no actual evidence linking the murder to have been caused as a result of taking steroids. This is a type of fallacious argument known as an undistributed middle. In reality it is much more likely that steroids were not the cause of the murder, but rather that he was taking illicit drugs as a result of some sort of imbalance in mental cognition. As seen in the study by Bhasin injection of AAS did not alter cognitive functioning significantly. Anecdotally, Mark Be ll, brother of Christopher Bell of the documentary Bigger, Stronger, Faster* had taken steroids for years before the release of the film. Mark Bell’s wife stated in the movie â€Å"Ive never seen Roid Rage. Ive never seen any difference in his personality or how he is with me, how he is with Jake. It hasnt done anything that all those after-school specials tell you that its gonna do.† (Bell). Furthermore, this film explains that the illegality of steroids is mainly a result of political reasons rather than actual scientific research. In fact, it was brought to attention in the film that medical research at the time did not support adverse side-effects of AAS. During the congressional hearing that resulted in the illegalization of AAS in the United States, a child’s suicide was brought to attention. The father of this child blamed his suicide on anabolic steroids, although the child was also taking anti-depressant medication which is correlated to mental instability. Once again, anabolic steroids were not proven to have been the cause of this child’s suicide yet the father’s speech during the hearing seemed to have more impact on the congressional decision than all of the scientific research available at the time (Bell). The current stigma surrounding steroids is the notion that they are â€Å"cheating† and â€Å"unnatural,† however this view once again fails to represent the entire picture. The common argument when considering sports and steroids is that steroids are cheating because they are not naturally found in the body, and that by taking them the person’s athletic abilities are unfairly enhanced above those who do not use them. Now, it is true that a person with higher testosterone levels than another tends to gain muscle mass faster, but that is not always true. In fact, steroids are only one of various factors contributing to athletic performance. Genetics play a significant role as well. Profesional Strength Coach Mark Rippetoe writes in his book PracticalProgramming: for Strength Training There are at least 73 genes associated with fitness and performance. While humans allswim in the same genetic pool, their is a huge amount of variation in both the genespossessed and the genes actively expressed. And so, like it or not, here is the rule: DNAmakes RNA makes protein makes function. The reality is that genetic potential ultimatelyaffects the performance of every individual. These variations lead to differences in performance potential. (2006, p. 105) Is it unfair if one athlete has an athletic advantage over another simply because his genome is more tailored toward that sport? If that is the case then is it unfair if one athlete’s muscle mass is higher than another’s simply because he is genetically inclined to naturally higher testosterone levels and not because he works harder? If so, then steroids are not the cause of unfairness, genetics is. If steroids were to be regulated around national sports associations, then it would actually be possible to minimize testosterone level differences as a variable in sports performance. If all athletes were put on to similar steroid cycles then no one would have a significant advantage over the other in regards to testosterone. Now, some critics may argue that steroids would make sports less fair because some athletes would simply take higher doses than others. Once again, this does not encompass the full scale of steroid use. As with the majority of things in life, steroids follow the concept of diminishing returns. In this case it means that each dosage increase will result in less performance increase than the previous increase.Take for example the study previously mentioned that was published in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism. Three groups were given high dosages of testosterone enanthate: 125mg (milligram), 300mg, and 600mg. The groups found an average increase in lean body mass (lbm) of 7.48lbs, 11.44lbs, and 17.38lbs respectively (Bhasin). Dividing lbm by amount of testosterone enanthate injected shows the amount of muscle gained per mg of testosterone. The three groups had pounds of lbm increase per miligram of testosterone values of .0598, .0381, and .0290 respectively. This clearly demonstrates that dosing of AAS does not follow a linear increase, but rather AAS have a threshold point in which increasing dosage fails to increase performance any more. While the exact value to which increasing dosage fails to provide any significant benefit is unknown and may differ between individuals, this shows that AAS do in fact hold a performance increase threshold. Another common argument as to why steroids are cheating is that they are a shortcut. Steroids are far from a shortcut in any respect. Muscular hypertrophy requires two factors: a stressor and recovery period (Rippetoe 23-24). A stress is any sort of extreme tension placed on the muscle and central nervous system , while a recovery period is the time where no stress is applied to the body and the body adapts to the previous stress allowing the muscles to gain protein and increase in efficiency. While AAS do support muscular hypertrophy and motor neuron recruitment in the central nervous system, the body still requires a stressor to create an adaptation to facilitate muscle growth. This means that the athlete still needs to work out and lift weights in order to gain the performance advantage. Steroids effectively increase recovery efficiency, which means that the individual who is taking steroids will recover quicker. This also means that people who are cycling can workout harder than before since their bodies are now capable of recovering from heavier stress. And in respect to sports, this means that steroids allow athletes to put in more effort than before.By this logic, steroids can make sports more competitive by allowing athletes to work harder for improved performance. The people who would benefit most are those who are truly dedicated, since they would be capable of working out more than if they were not cycling steroids. Overall AAS are an extremely misunderstood drug with over-exaggerated health implications and under-rated health benefits. Changes in cognitive functioning in humans has never been supported by research. Steroids have not been shown to be detrimental to health and are in fact safer than many prescription medications. In professional sports, steroids can allow athletes to achieve previously unheard of athletic ability while also allowing them to train harder than ever before. The subject of roid rage has been debunked as a myth built on the faulty premise of fallacious argumentation. AAS have no reason to be illegal in the United States because their original decision to become illegal was not based on scientific evidence. Legalization of steroids would benefit society as those taking them would no longer have to hide their faces in shame, but can instead be admired for their hard-earned achievements. These people would no longer have to live lives of disgrace and stereotyping, but i nstead be encouraged to break records and become the strongest and most athletic human beings they can possibly be. References: Bigger, stronger, faster* [Motion picture]. (2008). Magnolia Home Entertainment. Bhasin, S. (2001). Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. AmericanJournal of Physiology Endrocinology and Metabolism. Cohle, S. (2013). Fatal coronary artery intimal hyperplasia due to amphetamine use.Cardiovascular Pathology, 22(3), E1-E4. Llewellyn, W. (2010.). William Llewellyns Anabolics (E-Book ed., p. 1496). Solomon, E., Berg, L., Martin, D. (2011). Endocrine Regulation. In Biology (9th ed.) PacificGrove, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Rippetoe, M., Kilgore, L. (2006). Practical programming for strength training. Wichita FallsTex.: Aasgaard.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Case of Coca-Cola

Question: Write about theEthics and Corporate Social Responsibilityfor Case of Coca-Cola. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to understand the concepts of corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, ethical values and ethical business operations. The report will highlight the case of Coca-Cola and its unethical business practices which made the company highly criticized for its business operations. The report will also provide that which ethical theory is violated because of the unethical practices of Coca-Cola. There has been provided some significant initiatives of the company for rebuilding its image. Corporate Social Responsibility and Coca-Cola Criticism CSR and Sustainability Development Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the approach which intended at encouraging the organisations to be effectively aware of the influences of their respective businesses on the environment, stakeholders and the society. It explains that it is the moral responsibility of the business organisations to serve the society and participate in such activities which help in the development of the masses and the society (Lindgreen and Swaen, 2010). The sustainable development is another approach of the organisations by which they try to meet the needs of the present generation without having any sort of negative implication upon the future generations. By this practice, it is ensured that the there will be no scarcity of the resources for the upcoming generations (Dobson, 2007). There is a difference between both the aspects as CSR evaluates the past practices of the organisations, mostly of the last one year but sustainable development focuses upon the future that what all strategies wil l be use and planning will be done to have desired results such as reduced waste, building brand, safe environmental practices etc. But there is a connection both of them, if the organisation will adopt sustainable practices then it will surely help the society and environment and this will result in effective CSR practices (Moon, 2007). Unethical Business Practice of Coca-Cola Coca-Cola is one of the most recognized and well-known organisations across the globe. But other than being recognised as a global MNC, the company usually remain in spotlight for its controversies. There are some of the business practices of the company because of which it has attained huge criticism as the business practices has negatively impacted the society, the individuals as well as the environment which was against the moral and ethical business practices. One of such unethical business practice of Coca-Cola was it business operations which results in intense water shortage in the villages and districts of India (Srikant, n.d.). In the year 1999, a plant of Coca-Cola was established in Plachimada, Palakkad district of Kerala (Righttowater, n.d.). Just after two years, there were complaints by the local communities related to water shortage and water pollution. In the year 2003, there were protest against Coca-Cola for extreme water shortage and drying up of wells because of o ver exploitation of the grout water by the company (Righttowater, n.d.). This was one of the most unethical practices of the company which deteriorate the lives and occupation of number of villagers who were completely dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood (Indiaresource, n.d.). Violation of Ethical Theory of Utilitarianism The company violates the ethical theory of utilitarianism. As per this theory, an individual undertakes tat activity which benefits the maximum number of the people rather than performing such actions which are self-directed which benefits only the individual or the organisation (Hursthouse, 2013). Opposing to this, the cheesiness practices of Coca-Cola were self-absorbed which only established for revenue generation irrespective of the fact that hundreds of people are getting negatively impacted from the same and are losing their livelihood and occupation as well as the basic right of access to safe and un-polluted water (Waronwant, 2007). Reasons why the Companies are Increasingly Addressing their Social and Environmental Impacts As per the various Government laws and regulations, it is essential that the companies pay high attention over the various environmental and social impacts led down because of the business operations. The Government and other organisations are imposing high charges and are restricting them to continue their operations (Kazmin, 2015). As well as by indulging in activities that led down negative impact on environment and the society are highly abolished by the societies and the brand image also gets ruined which directly impact the sales of the companies. The Ways in Which Coca Cola and other MNCs address their Social and Environmental Impacts There has been used numerous initiatives by the companies for addressing the social and environmental impacts of the business operations. To overcome the unethical image, Coca-Cola has initiated several major steps in the way of sustainable business practices such as the company piloted innovative water recovery system which highly works on the reuse and recovery approach (Csrwire, 2012). Other initiatives of Coca-Cola are establishing rain water harvesting systems in various areas of India to reduce the issues of water shortage. Conclusion From this report, it can be concluded that it is the high time when organisations emphasize and have a strict eye upon their business practices. It can b e analysed that big MNCs such as Coca-Cola also have indulged in several unethical business practices such as water shortage, exploitation of environmental resources, etc. and because of this it has violated the ethical theories too. But from the overall analysis, it can be concluded that the common ahs realized the consequences of unethical business practices and now it has taken several initiatives to recover they losses which can further help the organisation in rebuilding its brand image and customer base. References Csrwire, 2012. Coca-Cola Pilots Innovative Water Recovery System and Wins IWA Award. Accessed on: 4th May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/34349-Coca-Cola-Pilots-Innovative-Water-Recovery-System-and-Wins-IWA-Award Dobson, A., 2007. Environmental citizenship: towards sustainable development.Sustainable development,15(5), pp.276-285. Hursthouse, R., 2013. Normative virtue ethics.ETHICA,645. Indiaresource, n.d. Campaign to Hold Coca-Cola Accountable. Accessed on: 4th May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.indiaresource.org/campaigns/coke/ Kazmin, A., 2015. Coca-Cola forced to abandon India bottling plant plans. Accessed on: 4th May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ft.com/content/9e7d36da-e8e5-11e4-87fe-00144feab7de Lindgreen, A. and Swaen, V., 2010. Corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), pp.1-7. Moon, J., 2007. The contribution of corporate social responsibility to sustainable development.Sustainable development,15(5), pp.296-306. Righttowater, n.d. Case against Coca-Cola Kerala State: India. Accessed on: 4th May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.righttowater.info/rights-in-practice/legal-approach-case-studies/case-against-coca-cola-kerala-state-india/ Srikant, P., Struggle for blue goldin Plachimada, Kerala.SHARING BLUE GOLD, p.71. Waronwant, 2007. COCA-COLA: DRINKING THE WORLD DRY. Accessed on: 4th May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.waronwant.org/media/coca-cola-drinking-world-dry

Why Athletes are Role Models Essay Example

Why Athletes are Role Models Essay A role model is a person who is admired and emulated by many. The term role model was for the first time used by Robert Merton after he noted that people compared themselves with others. In sports, those athletes who perform to the expectations of the fans are taken as role models and are emulated by their fans. Role models are often under heavy scrutiny of the media and so the chances that their negative aspects of life are brought to the light are very high but despite this, they still shine as role models. Because of their outstanding skills and uniqueness when it comes to sports, they are admired by people of all ages, the young and the old. This research paper will try to bring an understanding to the question, why athletes are role models despite the fact that they are highly scrutinized by the media.Most athletes shine in areas where they are even not expected to shine. For example, when a certain popular athlete is involved in scandal he/she tends to become more popular becau se of the publicity he/she receives. People focus on what they have achieved in the past but not on that one single bad event. It is not by choice that athletes become role models but it is their status, wealth and determination that makes them admirable by the public and a case in hand is of Marion Jones who despite the fact that she tested positive to performance drugs and sentenced for six months, she still is a role model to many. People cannot forget the achievements and good things that have been by the said athlete in the past but this is only different when it comes to sports where achievements are based on ones extra ordinary character traits but in other fields it is different. (Lensky, 2008, 78-80)Most of the things that are done by athletes outside the field are not publicized as much as those done in the field but the fact is that, although they are not reported people cannot fail to recognize them. It is their virtues and character in general that make them who they ar e for example their diligence, sportsmanship, perseverance and the value of training that make them to be taken as role models by many people but according to Julian Morrow, some of the character traits that make them shine such as high temperedness and dare daring behaviors make up somebody who you cannot like to stay the next door. (Schaller, T. 2004)According to Putnam, (87) athletes occupy a unique position in the pantheon of celebrities and it is for this reason that they become famous. Unlike comedians, television presenters and actors who spend much of their time on stage and televisions to be popular, the case is different when it becomes to sports because here it is their sheer ability and hard work that counts. When people realize their uniqueness, they become attracted to them and even begin to emulate what they do or what they say.The mass media plays a very vital role in informing the public on what is happening in the sports’ field. According to various surveys that have been done in the past, (Lensky, 2008, 78) the number of people who rely on the media (television and internet) to know what is going on in sports are more than those that attend the live shows. Even some people who seem to know much about sports as if they attend these shows get that information from the media. For this reason the role that media plays cannot be down played for if it does not keep us posted, then we would know very little about sports.Many athletes who are successful have admirable and extra ordinary lifestyles because they have a lot of money and this makes them to be highly envied by their fans. Due to the scrutiny that they are given by the media they are forced to act in a more responsible manner rather than how they would have behaved behind the scenes. Some people even expect athletes to become role models in matters that do not pertain what they do in the field and this gives them a hard time to meet such expectations. Some people think that this is expecting too much. â€Å"†¦It is unfair to ask athletes to serve as role models because they live their lives in a kind of moral vacuum, created by years of pampered treatment from parents, friends, fans, coaches, team officials and agents. They are ill prepared for the task.†(Putnam, 80)The irony with the media’s close scrutiny of the athletes is that it can give a person who might not have gotten a chance to become role model to become one. Not all that the media airs is taken by the public no matter how positive or negative it is, in fact the final judgment as to who should become a role model or not lies with them. According to Putnam (80), Charles Berkley became a role model not because of his outstanding skills in sports but because of the simple reason that he initiated the public debate that was featured in the media many times. He was opposed to the role that athletes are given by the public as role models.In short, though athletes are heavily scrutiniz ed by the media, they are still seen as role models. It is true that almost everything that we come to know comes from the media but it is the people who know who their role model is. Media may try to paint dark the name of an athlete but still remain a role model again; this negative publicity might work to their advantage. Another thing that favors athletes despite the fact that they are always under the eyes of the media is that they too realize that they are being watched and thus they behave more responsibly than they would do in normal circumstances.

How to be weird essays

How to be weird essays The film: To Kill a Mockingbird was based on the book by Harper Lee. The director of the film is Robert Mulligan. The movie takes place during the 1930s in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Just like in the book, it is about a widowed father of two who is a lawyer. He is supposed to defend an African American man accused of raping and beating a young white woman. Atticus is faced with ha hard decision. He knows Tom (the accused) is innocent. However, Maycomb is stuck in its ways and he does not want to harm his family by trying to change it. In the end, Atticus does the right thing by defending Tom. However, the whole town is affected. Gregory Peck plays Atticus Finch, a slightly old, but wise man. In the film, Atticus (Gregory) is lawyer during the great depression. He has two children. He is a widowed single father. Atticus is portrayed in the book as a man who is the same way at home as in public. Gregory does a good job of acting out his role as Atticus. Mulligan does a swell job at portraying Atticus. After all Atticus is supposed to be a fare and strong yet humble person. This felt in the film exactly as it was in the novel. Atticus has two children, Jem and Scout. Jem is a ten-year-old boy. The actor who lays him is Philip Alford. Jem is at the age where he is starting to mature. He is interested in his fathers business. Some may call him noisy. In the book, he would ask his father a lot of questions about Boo Radley (the neighbor) and Tom Robinsons case. Jem is a curious boy. He likes to investigate and try to protect his younger sister, Scout. In the novel, he gets upset because Atticus is older that the other fathers. He (as well a Scout) does not believe their father has any cool qualities. Later, he realizes that his father does have cool qualities, just not the ones he would have thought was cool. Jem grows a lot during the period of the book. He goes from a silly young boy who just cares about ...

Evaluate Key Developments of the Cold War Essay

Evaluate Key Developments of the Cold War - Essay Example The race for nuclear arms capability dominated the 1950s and 1960s and it led to tension between these two countries, tension which translated to what is now known as the Cold War. This paper shall evaluate key developments of the Cold War from the Truman Administration through the Kennedy Administration. It will discuss whether or not the Cold War was actually inevitable. In addition, this paper will consider the domestic concerns in the United States during the 1950s, including McCarthyism, domesticity, and civil rights. The first part of this paper will present an overview of the Cold War. Secondly, major developments from Truman’s to Kennedy’s administration shall be presented. Thirdly, the inevitability of the Cold War will also be discussed. Lastly, an overall analysis and conclusion shall be established. Body Overview The post war era brought about a time where the US was starting to emerge as a superpower. It also presented a time where democratic principles wer e tested with various civil rights violations. At this point, the need to uphold these civil rights became an important part of American lives (Chafe, et.al., 2011). When the Second World War ended in 1945, journalist George Orwell used the term cold war in his essay â€Å"You and the Atomic bomb.† In his article, he believed that the world was now amidst a threat of a nuclear war, one which had the capability of obliterating human life on the planet (Orwell, 1945). He discussed how world politics seems to be founded on a view or belief prevailing in a state which was powerful and in a constant state of cold war with other countries (Orwell, 1945). Such ‘cold war’ was soon observed with Russia’s attitude towards Britain, including its empire. American economist Bernard Baruch was one of the first to refer to such cold war in relation to the US and the USSR (Gaddis, 2005). Soon enough, the term had a wider usage, especially with the release of Walter Lippma n’s book â€Å"The Cold War.† The USSR has not always been on ideal relations with its neighbors and with the US, mostly because of its socialist political platform (Gaddis, 2005). Although they were allies during the Second World War, it was only a temporary alliance, mostly borne out of the need for self-preservation. As soon as WWII ended however, the Soviet Union returned to its tense political relationship with Europe and the US (Gaddis, 2005). The possibility of gaining military might over other countries also became an added source of tension during the Cold War. Truman to Kennedy In 1947, President Harry Truman was advised to consider major policy changes in response to Russia’s efforts to gain political and military dominance (Chafe, 2003). America’s response was to adopt a containment policy with the primary goal of preventing the spread of communism (Friedman, 2007). Truman’s policy and decisions were all embodied under the Truman doctri ne, a doctrine which also condemned socialist and totalitarian power. Most of Europe was very supportive of Truman’s doctrine, however, some European and American communists being supported by the KGB adhered to the principles which the Soviet Union laid out (Friedman, 2007). In 1947, the US, Britain and France sought to establish an accord with the USSR on how best to handle a post-war Germany. The Marshall Plan was able to establish a working agreement among the countries, eventually dividing Germany and Berlin into four territories to be controlled by each ally (Gaddis, 2005).